The definition of a standard therapy for resectable esophageal cancer remains a clinical controversy. In the past decade, a variety of strategies have been developed in an attempt to improve local control and decrease the all too common problem of distant metastases. Preoperative treatment with radiotherapy or chemotherapy has been proved to be feasible, although neither strategy has resulted in improved survival rates. More recently, concurrent, neoadjuvant chemoradiation has been utilized with encouraging pathologic responses. Equally important is the recognition that such aggressive therapy does not lead to worse surgical outcomes. The evidence for the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of induction therapy followed by esophagectomy is presented in the context of developing a rational methodology to allow for the ongoing modification of standards of care in the management of this difficult disease.