AIDS: A case study of a 41-year-old man who tested positive for HIV, but who has no symptoms of HIV disease, is provided. Two physician responses regarding when to initiate antiretroviral therapy in an asymptomatic patient with intermediate-stage HIV infection are detailed. Among other factors, treatment initiation depends upon patient acceptance, probability of adherence, and prognosis, defined by CD4 cell count and viral load test results. The patient's risk for cardiovascular disease without the use of PIs and his concerns about initiating antiretroviral treatment are also addressed by both physicians.