To determine whether a population living on or adjacent to four sites of chromate production waste was measurably exposed to environmental chromium, spot samples of urine were collected along with wipe samples of household dust and lifestyle/activity interview data. Findings were compared to those from a control population in two communities with no significant chromium use or waste sites. Urine samples were collected and analyzed, employing measures to minimize background chromium contamination. The average Cr mass in dust was 3.7 times that in control houses. The mean creatinine-corrected urine Cr (Cr/c) level of the exposed subgroup residing in households in the 75th percentile of Cr mass in wipe samples was significantly greater than that of the control population. This subgroup was primarily located at a single exposure location. Using lifestyle/activity data, significantly elevated Cr/c urine levels were identified in other exposed subgroups defined by employment location and by outside play time. These data show an association between elevated exposure to chromium in household dust and elevated urine levels of chromium, consistent with residential exposure to chromate production waste. These data also suggest an association between chromium exposure and activities outside the home which are consistent with exposure to chromate production waste.