The body temperature of preterm babies can drop precipitously after delivery, and this hypothermia is associated with an increase in mortality and morbidity. Reports of hypothermia in babies of all birth weights, on admission to neonatal units, have come from all over the world; most also report increased mortality in association with hypothermia. Recent reports that showed that hypothermia on admission to neonatal units is an independent risk factor for mortality in preterm babies have refocused attention on the need for meticulous thermal care immediately after birth and during resuscitation. Their data lend weight to the view that conventional approaches to thermal care of the very preterm and low birth weight baby are outmoded.