Human telomerase is a structurally complex ribonucleoprotein that is responsible for the maintenance of telomeric DNA at the ends of the chromosomes. The enzyme is proposed as having an important role in cell immortalization and oncogenesis. A limited number of studies have been performed on the telomerase system in brain tumors, and these studies are somewhat conflicting. The relative ineffectiveness of current therapies for malignant gliomas led to the need for novel targets for more promising approaches. In order to clarify the prognostic significance of telomerase expression in gliomas and to speculate on therapeutic implications, we examined telomerase activity by the telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay in 42 gliomas, (32 multiform glioblastomas, 4 anaplastic astrocytomas, 4 differentiated astrocytomas, 1 oligoastrocytoma and 1 oligosarcoma). Telomerase messenger expression (hTERT mRNA) was evaluated by reverse transcription-PCR analysis in the same group of tumors. High telomerase activity was detected in 21/42 gliomas (50%). The levels of telomerase in terms of its messenger level expression overlapped the activity; in fact, a significant association between telomerase activity and hTERT mRNA expression was found (chi2 test; p<0.0001). At univariate analysis, advanced age as well as high telomerase activity and hTERT mRNA levels were seen to be significant predictors of worse prognosis regarding both overall survival (p=0.007, p=0.007, p=0.04, respectively) and disease-free interval (p=0.008, p=0.008, p=0.04, respectively). All these variables maintained a significant independent prognostic role in multivariate analysis. Telomerase may represent an indicator of progression and poor prognosis in this type of cancer, with interesting therapeutic implications.