We studied the incidence, outcome and risk factors for systemic Candida infection in 665 recipients of allogeneic, syngeneic and autologous bone marrow transplantations (BMT) between 1979 and 1987. Systemic Candida infection, defined as occurrence of one or more positive blood or CSF cultures for Candida sp., or presence of Candida sp. in culture or biopsy of deep tissue, was detected in 76 patients (12.5%) in the first year following BMT. Candida infection was independently associated with increasing age (p less than 0.0001), detection of one or more positive surveillance cultures for Candida sp. (p less than 0.0001), increased duration of granulocytopenia (p = 0.0005) and total body irradiation as part of the preparative regimen compared with chemotherapy only or chemotherapy and total lymphoid irradiation (p = 0.02). Other patient characteristics including underlying disease, origin of graft, recipient sex, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis and occurrence of acute GVHD or chronic GVHD were not independently associated with Candida infection following BMT: 60/76 patients with Candida infections have died, and in 19/60 cases death could be directly attributed to Candida infection. Awareness of the serious nature and the risk features for Candida infections may be useful in developing strategies of prevention and treatment.