Content not quantity is a better measure of muscle degeneration in whiplash

Abstract

Whiplash associated disorder (WAD) represents an enormous economic, social and personal burden. Five out of 10 people with WAD never fully recover and up to 25% continue to have moderate to severe pain-related disability. Unfortunately, clear and definitive reasons as to why half of individuals with WAD recover uneventfully and the other half do not, remain elusive. Identifying the factors that can reliably predict outcome holds considerable importance for not only WAD, but arguably for other acute musculoskeletal traumas. The precise pathology present in WAD has been controversial and often biased by outdated models. Fortunately, a combination of new measurement technology that illuminates pain processing, physical and social functioning and post-traumatic stress responses (and possibly markers of altered muscle size/shape/physiology) is providing a clearer picture of the multisystem pathophysiology in individuals with persistent WAD. The aim of this professional issues paper is to illuminate the clinical and research communities with regards to the growing body of knowledge for determining the trajectory of a patient with whiplash.

Keywords: MRI; Muscle; Pathophysiology; Whiplash.