Tandem mass spectrometry provides a sensitive means of analyzing the amino acid sequence of peptides and modified peptides by providing accurate mass measurements of precursor and fragment ions. Modern mass spectrometry instrumentation is capable of rapidly generating many thousands of tandem mass spectra and protein database search engines have been developed to match the experimental data to peptide candidates. In most studies there is a schism between discarding perfectly valid data and including nonsensical peptide identifications-this is currently a major bottleneck in data-analysis and it calls for an understanding of tandem mass spectrometry data. Manual evaluation of the data and perhaps experimental cross-checking of the MS data can save many months of experimental work trying to do biological follow-ups based on erroneous identifications. Especially for posttranslationally modified peptides there is a need for manual validation of the data because search algorithms seldom have been optimized for the identification of modified peptides and because there are many pitfalls for the unwary. This chapter describes some of the issues that should be considered when interpreting and validating tandem mass spectra and gives some useful tables to aid this process.