Impact of antidepressants on cytokine production of depressed patients in vitro

Toxins (Basel). 2013 Nov 19;5(11):2227-40. doi: 10.3390/toxins5112227.

Abstract

The interplay between immune and nervous systems plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of depression. In depressive episodes, patients show increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. There is limited information on the effect of antidepressant drugs on cytokines, most studies report on a limited sample of cytokines and none have reported effects on IL-22. We systematically investigated the effect of three antidepressant drugs, citalopram, escitalopram and mirtazapine, on secretion of cytokines IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17, IL-22 and TNF-α in a whole blood assay in vitro, using murine anti-human CD3 monoclonal antibody OKT3, and 5C3 monoclonal antibody against CD40, to stimulate T and B cells respectively. Citalopram increased production of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-22. Mirtazapine increased IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-22. Escitalopram decreased IL-17 levels. The influence of antidepressants on IL-2 and IL-4 levels was not significant for all three drugs. Compared to escitalopram, citalopram led to higher levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17 and IL-22; and mirtazapine to higher levels of IL-1β, IL-17, IL-22 and TNF-α. Mirtazapine and citalopram increased IL-22 production. The differing profile of cytokine production may relate to differences in therapeutic effects, risk of relapse and side effects.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Antidepressive Agents / adverse effects*
  • CD40 Antigens / metabolism
  • Citalopram / adverse effects
  • Cytokines / blood
  • Cytokines / metabolism*
  • Depression / drug therapy*
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Interleukin-17 / blood
  • Interleukin-17 / metabolism
  • Interleukin-1beta / blood
  • Interleukin-1beta / metabolism
  • Interleukin-2 / blood
  • Interleukin-2 / metabolism
  • Interleukin-22
  • Interleukin-4 / blood
  • Interleukin-4 / metabolism
  • Interleukin-6 / blood
  • Interleukin-6 / metabolism
  • Interleukins / blood
  • Interleukins / metabolism
  • Male
  • Mianserin / adverse effects
  • Mianserin / analogs & derivatives
  • Middle Aged
  • Mirtazapine
  • Muromonab-CD3 / metabolism
  • Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / blood
  • Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / metabolism

Substances

  • Antidepressive Agents
  • CD40 Antigens
  • Cytokines
  • Interleukin-17
  • Interleukin-1beta
  • Interleukin-2
  • Interleukin-6
  • Interleukins
  • Muromonab-CD3
  • Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
  • Citalopram
  • Interleukin-4
  • Mianserin
  • Mirtazapine