Liposomal daunorubicin, fludarabine, and cytarabine (FLAD) as bridge therapy to stem cell transplant in relapsed and refractory acute leukemia

Ann Hematol. 2014 Dec;93(12):2011-8. doi: 10.1007/s00277-014-2143-8. Epub 2014 Jul 4.

Abstract

Therapeutic options for patients with relapsed or refractory acute leukemia are still undefined and often unsatisfactory. We report the outcome of 79 patients with relapsed-refractory acute leukemia treated with fludarabine, cytarabine, and liposomal daunorubicin (FLAD regimen) followed by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), when clinically indicated, between May 2000 and January 2013. Forty-one patients had acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and 38 had acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Two patients with myeloid blast crises of CML and three with lymphoid blast crises were included in the AML and ALL subgroups, respectively. Median age was 48 years (range 13-77). FLAD was well tolerated with negligible, nonhematological toxicity. Six patients (7.5 %) died before response evaluation. Forty-seven patients achieved hematologic complete response (CR). Complete remission rate was 53 and 65 % among AML and ALL patients, respectively. No CR was recorded among 11 refractory AML patients. Twenty-four patients (30 %) underwent HSCT. Nine patients received stem cells from an HLA identical sibling, and 15 from an alternative donor (3 unrelated matched, 12 haploidentical sibling). Median overall survival in AML and ALL patients receiving FLAD therapy was 9 and 8 months, respectively. A 5-year projected OS for patients receiving the whole program (FLAD + HSCT) was 24 % for AML patients (median survival 43 months), 28 % for ALL patients treated in relapse (median survival 15 months), and 0 % for ALL patients treated for refractory disease. In this paper, we show that FLAD seems to be an effective bridge therapy to HSCT for a part of poor prognosis acute leukemia patients. However, prospective studies are needed to confirm our results.

MeSH terms

  • Adolescent
  • Adult
  • Aged
  • Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / adverse effects
  • Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / therapeutic use*
  • Blood Component Transfusion
  • Combined Modality Therapy
  • Consolidation Chemotherapy
  • Cytarabine / administration & dosage
  • Cytarabine / adverse effects
  • Daunorubicin / administration & dosage
  • Daunorubicin / adverse effects
  • Diarrhea / chemically induced
  • Drug Administration Schedule
  • Drug Evaluation
  • Female
  • Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / therapeutic use
  • Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation*
  • Humans
  • Kaplan-Meier Estimate
  • Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / drug therapy*
  • Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / therapy
  • Liposomes
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Neutropenia / chemically induced
  • Neutropenia / drug therapy
  • Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / drug therapy*
  • Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / therapy
  • Proportional Hazards Models
  • Remission Induction
  • Retrospective Studies
  • Salvage Therapy*
  • Vidarabine / administration & dosage
  • Vidarabine / adverse effects
  • Vidarabine / analogs & derivatives
  • Young Adult

Substances

  • Liposomes
  • Cytarabine
  • Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor
  • Vidarabine
  • fludarabine
  • Daunorubicin