The goal of this study was to examine NOX2 and NOX4 expression in clinical samples of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), and to explore the correlation of NOX2 and NOX4 expression with the severity of injury, duration of injury, and prognosis. Brain samples of 20 TBI patients within 1 cm of the contusion site were collected and grouped based on duration of injury, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS), and immunofluorescence staining were performed to examine the expression levels of NOX2 and NOX4 in the neurons and astrocytes. We found that the expression level of NOX2 in neurons and positive rate of NOX2 expression in astrocytes peaked at 12-24 and 6-12 h after injury, respectively. The expression level of NOX4 in neurons peaked at 24-48 h, and the positive rate of NOX4 expression gradually increased with prolonged injury. We also found that the higher the GCS score, the lower the expression levels of NOX2 and NOX4 in neurons was, while higher the GCS score, the lower the positive rate of NOX4 expression in astrocytes was and the higher the GOS grade, the lower the positive rate of expression in astrocytes was. In conclusion, NOX2 and NOX4 expressions significantly increase at an early stage after TBI, and abnormal expressions of NOX2 and NOX4 are correlated to patient prognosis to certain extent.