Drug resistance conferred by mutations outside the active site through alterations in the dynamic and structural ensemble of HIV-1 protease

J Am Chem Soc. 2014 Aug 27;136(34):11956-63. doi: 10.1021/ja504096m. Epub 2014 Aug 18.

Abstract

HIV-1 protease inhibitors are part of the highly active antiretroviral therapy effectively used in the treatment of HIV infection and AIDS. Darunavir (DRV) is the most potent of these inhibitors, soliciting drug resistance only when a complex combination of mutations occur both inside and outside the protease active site. With few exceptions, the role of mutations outside the active site in conferring resistance remains largely elusive. Through a series of DRV-protease complex crystal structures, inhibition assays, and molecular dynamics simulations, we find that single and double site mutations outside the active site often associated with DRV resistance alter the structure and dynamic ensemble of HIV-1 protease active site. These alterations correlate with the observed inhibitor binding affinities for the mutants, and suggest a network hypothesis on how the effect of distal mutations are propagated to pivotal residues at the active site and may contribute to conferring drug resistance.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

MeSH terms

  • Binding Sites
  • Darunavir
  • Drug Resistance, Viral / genetics*
  • HIV Protease / chemistry*
  • HIV Protease / genetics
  • HIV Protease / metabolism
  • HIV Protease Inhibitors / pharmacology*
  • HIV-1 / enzymology*
  • Models, Molecular
  • Mutation*
  • Protein Binding
  • Protein Conformation
  • Sulfonamides / pharmacology*

Substances

  • HIV Protease Inhibitors
  • Sulfonamides
  • HIV Protease
  • Darunavir