The interaction affinity between vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) analyzed by quantitative FRET

PLoS One. 2015 Mar 20;10(3):e0121399. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121399. eCollection 2015.

Abstract

Very late antigen-4 (VLA-4), a member of integrin superfamily, interacts with its major counter ligand vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and plays an important role in leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelium and immunological synapse formation. However, irregular expressions of these proteins may also lead to several autoimmune diseases and metastasis cancer. Thus, quantifying the interaction affinity of the VCAM-1/VLA-4 interaction is of fundamental importance in further understanding the nature of this interaction and drug discovery. In this study, we report an 'in solution' steady state organic fluorophore based quantitative fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay to quantify this interaction in terms of the dissociation constant (Kd). We have used, in our FRET assay, the Alexa Fluor 488-VLA-4 conjugate as the donor, and Alexa Fluor 546-VCAM-1 as the acceptor. From the FRET signal analysis, Kd of this interaction was determined to be 41.82 ± 2.36 nM. To further confirm our estimation, we have employed surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique to obtain Kd = 39.60 ± 1.78 nM, which is in good agreement with the result obtained by FRET. This is the first reported work which applies organic fluorophore based 'in solution' simple quantitative FRET assay to obtain the dissociation constant of the VCAM-1/VLA-4 interaction, and is also the first quantification of this interaction. Moreover, the value of Kd can serve as an indicator of abnormal protein-protein interactions; hence, this assay can potentially be further developed into a drug screening platform of VLA-4/VCAM-1 as well as other protein-ligand interactions.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer / methods*
  • Humans
  • Integrin alpha4beta1 / metabolism*
  • Kinetics
  • Protein Binding
  • Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
  • Surface Plasmon Resonance
  • Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / metabolism*

Substances

  • Integrin alpha4beta1
  • Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1

Grants and funding

SC, SH, SW, AK, and AC were jointly supported by the Ministry of Science & Technology, Taiwan, ROC (Project No. NSC99-2923-E-010-001-MY3), and the Top University Project from Taiwan Ministry of Education, ROC. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.