Cardiometabolic disease and features of depression and bipolar disorder: population-based, cross-sectional study

Daniel J Martin; Zia Ul-Haq; Barbara I Nicholl; Breda Cullen; Jonathan Evans; Jason M R Gill; Beverly Roberts; John Gallacher; Daniel Mackay; Andrew McIntosh; Matthew Hotopf; Nick Craddock; Ian J Deary; Jill P Pell; Daniel J Smith

doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.157784

Cardiometabolic disease and features of depression and bipolar disorder: population-based, cross-sectional study

Br J Psychiatry. 2016 Apr;208(4):343-51. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.114.157784. Epub 2016 Jan 21.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Daniel J. Martin, MRCPsych, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Zia Ul-Haq, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK and Institute of Public Health & Social Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Barbara I. Nicholl, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, General Practice and Primary Care, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Breda Cullen, DClinPsy, Jonathan Evans, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Jason M. R. Gill, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Beverly Roberts, PhD, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; John Gallacher, PhD, National Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Daniel Mackay, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Andrew McIntosh, MD, FRCPsych, Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Matthew Hotopf, MD, FRCPsych, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London, London, UK; Nick Craddock, PhD, FRCPsych, National Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Ian J. Deary, PhD, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Jill P. Pell, MD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Daniel J. Smith, MD, FRCPsych, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK.
² Daniel J. Martin, MRCPsych, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Zia Ul-Haq, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK and Institute of Public Health & Social Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Barbara I. Nicholl, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, General Practice and Primary Care, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Breda Cullen, DClinPsy, Jonathan Evans, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Jason M. R. Gill, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Beverly Roberts, PhD, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; John Gallacher, PhD, National Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Daniel Mackay, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Andrew McIntosh, MD, FRCPsych, Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Matthew Hotopf, MD, FRCPsych, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London, London, UK; Nick Craddock, PhD, FRCPsych, National Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Ian J. Deary, PhD, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Jill P. Pell, MD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Daniel J. Smith, MD, FRCPsych, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Mental Health, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK daniel.smith@glasgow.ac.uk.

PMID: 26795427
DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.114.157784

Abstract

Background: The relative contribution of demographic, lifestyle and medication factors to the association between affective disorders and cardiometabolic diseases is poorly understood.

Aims: To assess the relationship between cardiometabolic disease and features of depresion and bipolar disorder within a large population sample.

Method: Cross-sectional study of 145 991 UK Biobank participants: multivariate analyses of associations between features of depression or bipolar disorder and five cardiometabolic outcomes, adjusting for confounding factors.

Results: There were significant associations between mood disorder features and 'any cardiovascular disease' (depression odds ratio (OR) = 1.15, 95% CI 1.12-1.19; bipolar OR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.14-1.43) and with hypertension (depression OR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.13-1.18; bipolar OR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.12-1.42). Individuals with features of mood disorder taking psychotropic medication were significantly more likely than controls not on psychotropics to report myocardial infarction (depression OR = 1.47, 95% CI 1.24-1.73; bipolar OR = 2.23, 95% CI 1.53-3.57) and stroke (depression OR = 2.46, 95% CI 2.10-2.80; bipolar OR = 2.31, 95% CI 1.39-3.85).

Conclusions: Associations between features of depression or bipolar disorder and cardiovascular disease outcomes were statistically independent of demographic, lifestyle and medication confounders. Psychotropic medication may also be a risk factor for cardiometabolic disease in individuals without a clear history of mood disorder.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Adult
Aged
Bipolar Disorder / drug therapy
Bipolar Disorder / epidemiology*
Cardiovascular Diseases / epidemiology*
Comorbidity
Cross-Sectional Studies
Depression / drug therapy
Depression / epidemiology*
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Psychotropic Drugs / adverse effects
Risk Factors
United Kingdom / epidemiology

Substances

Psychotropic Drugs

Abstract

Publication types

MeSH terms

Substances

Grants and funding