Towards a DNA Barcode Reference Database for Spiders and Harvestmen of Germany

PLoS One. 2016 Sep 28;11(9):e0162624. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162624. eCollection 2016.

Abstract

As part of the German Barcode of Life campaign, over 3500 arachnid specimens have been collected and analyzed: ca. 3300 Araneae and 200 Opiliones, belonging to almost 600 species (median: 4 individuals/species). This covers about 60% of the spider fauna and more than 70% of the harvestmen fauna recorded for Germany. The overwhelming majority of species could be readily identified through DNA barcoding: median distances between closest species lay around 9% in spiders and 13% in harvestmen, while in 95% of the cases, intraspecific distances were below 2.5% and 8% respectively, with intraspecific medians at 0.3% and 0.2%. However, almost 20 spider species, most notably in the family Lycosidae, could not be separated through DNA barcoding (although many of them present discrete morphological differences). Conspicuously high interspecific distances were found in even more cases, hinting at cryptic species in some instances. A new program is presented: DiStats calculates the statistics needed to meet DNA barcode release criteria. Furthermore, new generic COI primers useful for a wide range of taxa (also other than arachnids) are introduced.

Grants and funding

The GBOL project is financed by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF#01LI1101). Part of the sequences contributed by ZSM resulted from funding by the Bavarian State Ministry of Education and Culture, Science and the Arts (Barcoding Fauna Bavarica, BFB). The sequencing work of ZSM was supported, in part, by funding from the Government of Canada to Genome Canada through the Ontario Genomics Institute, while the Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation and NSERC supported development of the BOLD informatics platform. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.