1 Collaboration for Research Integrity and Transparency (CRIT), Yale Law School, 157 Church Street, 17th Floor, Suite 1, New Haven, CT 06510-2100, USA; Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Yale-New Haven Hospital, 1 Church Street # 200, New Haven, CT 06510-2100, USA. Electronic address: joshua.wallach@yale.edu.
2 Collaboration for Research Integrity and Transparency (CRIT), Yale Law School, 157 Church Street, 17th Floor, Suite 1, New Haven, CT 06510-2100, USA; Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, P.O. Box 208034, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA; Yale Law School, Yale University, 127 Wall Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
3 Collaboration for Research Integrity and Transparency (CRIT), Yale Law School, 157 Church Street, 17th Floor, Suite 1, New Haven, CT 06510-2100, USA; Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Yale-New Haven Hospital, 1 Church Street # 200, New Haven, CT 06510-2100, USA; Section of General Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208093, New Haven, CT 06520-8093, USA; Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06510-2100, USA.