Mitral Valve Adaptation to Isolated Annular Dilation: Insights Into the Mechanism of Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation

Abstract

Objectives: This study hypothesized that compensatory mitral leaflet area (MLA) adaptation occurs in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) without left ventricular (LV) dysfunction but has limitations that augment mitral regurgitation (MR). The study also explored whether asymmetrical annular dilation is matched by relative leaflet enlargement.

Background: Functional MR occurs in patients with AF and isolated annular dilation, but the relationship of MLA adaptation with annular area (AA) is unknown.

Methods: Three-dimensional echocardiographic images were acquired from 86 patients with quantified MR: 53 with nonvalvular persistent AF (23 MR+ with moderate or greater MR, 30 MR-) without LV dysfunction or dilation and 33 normal controls. Comprehensive 3-dimensional analysis included total diastolic MLA, adaptation ratios of MLA to annular area and MLA to leaflet closure area, and annular and tenting geometry.

Results: Total MLA was 22% larger in patients with AF than in controls, thus paralleling the increased AA. However, as AA increased, adaptive indices (MLA/AA ratio and ratio of MLA to closure area) plateaued, becoming lowest in MR+ patients (ratio of MLA to closure area = 1.63 ± 0.17 controls, 1.60 ± 0.11 MR-, 1.32 ± 0.10 MR+; p < 0.001). MR increased as the ratio of MLA to closure area decreased (R² = 0.68; p < 0.001). The posterior-to-anterior MLA ratio remained constant, whereas the posterior-to-anterior mitral annulus perimeter increased (1.21 ± 0.16 controls, 1.32 ± 0.20 MR-, 1.46 ± 0.19 MR+; p < 0.001). Multivariate MR determinants were annular area, total MLA to closure area, and posterior-to-anterior perimeter ratios.

Conclusions: MLA adaptively increases in AF with isolated annular dilation and normal LV function. This compensatory enlargement becomes insufficient with greater annular dilation, and the leaflets fail to match asymmetrical annular remodeling, thereby increasing MR. These findings can potentially help optimize therapeutic options and motivate basic studies of adaptive growth processes.

Keywords: 3-dimensional echocardiography; atrial fibrillation; mitral annulus; mitral regurgitation; mitral valve.