1 Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center, Department of Surgery and Center for Healthcare Studies, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
2 Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
3 Division of Thoracic Surgery Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
4 Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.