Viral Modulation of TLRs and Cytokines and the Related Immunotherapies for HPV-Associated Cancers

J Immunol Res. 2018 May 2:2018:2912671. doi: 10.1155/2018/2912671. eCollection 2018.

Abstract

The modulation of the host innate immune system is a well-established carcinogenesis feature of several tumors, including human papillomavirus- (HPV-) related cancers. This virus is able to interrupt the initial events of the immune response, including the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), cytokines, and inflammation. Both TLRs and cytokines play a central role in HPV recognition, cell maturation and differentiation as well as immune signalling. Therefore, the imbalance of this sensitive control of the immune response is a key factor for developing immunotherapies, which strengthen the host immune system to accomplish an efficient defence against HPV and HPV-infected cells. Based on this, the review is aimed at exposing the HPV immune evasion mechanisms involving TLRs and cytokines and at discussing existing and potential immunotherapeutic TLR- and cytokine-related tools.

Publication types

  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
  • Cytokines / metabolism*
  • Humans
  • Immune Evasion
  • Immunotherapy / methods*
  • Neoplasms / immunology*
  • Neoplasms / virology
  • Papillomaviridae / physiology*
  • Papillomavirus Infections / immunology*
  • Papillomavirus Infections / virology
  • Toll-Like Receptors / metabolism*

Substances

  • Cytokines
  • Toll-Like Receptors