Tragus or cymba conchae? Investigating the anatomical foundation of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS)

Affiliations

• ¹ Brain Stimulation Lab, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA; U.S. Army Research Lab, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Electronic address: basharwbadran@gmail.com.
• ² Brain Stimulation Lab, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
• ³ College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, USA.
• ⁴ Center for Biomedical Imaging, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
• ⁵ U.S. Army Research Lab, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA.
• ⁶ Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA.
• ⁷ Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
• ⁸ Brain Stimulation Lab, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA.