Practice Gap: Pediatricians must be aware of screening indications and the evaluation
and management of a child with hematuria and/or proteinuria.
Objectives: After completing this article, readers should be able to:
1. Understand the common causes of proteinuria and hematuria and be able to differentiate between benign and serious causes.
2. Describe screening techniques for initial evaluation of hematuria and proteinuria.
3. Recognize the criteria for diagnosis of proteinuria and hematuria.
4. Plan the appropriate initial evaluation for hematuria and proteinuria and interpret laboratory findings essential for diagnosis.
5. Recognize serious causes of hematuria and proteinuria that warrant immediate referral.