Immunohistochemical evaluation of tumor budding for stratifying T1 colorectal cancer: optimal cut-off value and a novel computer-assisted semiautomatic method

Mod Pathol. 2019 May;32(5):675-683. doi: 10.1038/s41379-018-0189-1. Epub 2018 Dec 14.

Abstract

High-grade tumor budding is an adverse prognostic factor for submucosal invasive (T1) colorectal cancer used to predict the risk for lymph node metastasis in endoscopically resected specimens. Cytokeratin immunohistochemistry is a potential option for evaluating tumor budding. The optimal cut-off value between low- and high-grade budding has not yet been determined, however, and the high inter-observer variability in selecting budding foci remains problematic. We explored the optimal cut-off value for predicting lymph node metastasis using cytokeratin immunohistochemistry, and developed a novel computer-assisted semiautomatic quantification method to reduce inter-observer variability. A retrospective single-institution study of 463 T1 colorectal cancer cases was conducted. Cases were split into derivation and validation datasets. Tumor budding foci were counted manually and semiautomatically using Image J software on cytokeratin immunohistochemistry-stained specimens. We determined the cut-off values and compared inter-observer variability among pathologists between the two methods. Univariate and multivariate analyses of the derivation dataset were performed to select the risk factors for lymph node metastasis. Predictive simulation for the validation dataset was conducted. The optimal cut-off values for the manual and semiautomatic methods were ≥10 and ≥12, respectively. For both methods, multivariate analyses revealed that venous invasion, lymphatic invasion, and high-grade tumor budding were independent risk factors for lymph node metastasis. The semiautomatic method provided significantly better inter-observer agreement. The predictive and observed lymph node metastasis frequencies were highly correlated in the validation dataset.

Publication types

  • Validation Study

MeSH terms

  • Aged
  • Automation, Laboratory
  • Biomarkers, Tumor / analysis*
  • Cell Movement*
  • Colorectal Neoplasms / chemistry*
  • Colorectal Neoplasms / pathology*
  • Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted*
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted
  • Immunohistochemistry*
  • Keratins / analysis*
  • Lymphatic Metastasis
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Neoplasm Grading
  • Neoplasm Staging
  • Observer Variation
  • Predictive Value of Tests
  • Reproducibility of Results
  • Retrospective Studies
  • Risk Factors

Substances

  • Biomarkers, Tumor
  • Keratins