Mechanisms Linking White Matter Lesions, Tract Integrity, and Depression in Alzheimer Disease

Abstract

Objective: Late-life depression involves the disconnection of white matter tracts that regulate mood. A pathogenic link between poor tract integrity and depressive symptoms is believed to be white matter lesions (WML), however the mechanisms linking tract integrity, WML, and depression remains unexplored. The authors sought to identify whether the association between reduced tract integrity and depressive symptoms is mediated by WML in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD), and whether individual characteristics moderate this effect.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study in a tertiary memory clinic. A total of 91 patients with mild AD and 79 healthy elderly, comparable in depressive symptoms, white matter hyperintensities (WMH) volume, cardiovascular risk, age, and sex were chosen. Tract integrity was assessed using diffusion tensor imaging, WML were indexed as WMH, measured using fluid-attenuation inversion recovery imaging, and depressive symptoms were measured with the informant-based Geriatric Depression Scale.

Results: In patients with mild AD, reduced tract integrity in right hemispheric cortical-subcortical tracts and the genu of the corpus callosum was moderately associated with depressive symptoms. This association was fully mediated by WML. Moderation analysis indicated that old age strengthened the association between all tracts and depressive symptoms, as mediated by WML. In cognitively healthy elderly, neither tracts nor WML were related to depressive symptoms.

Conclusion: Reduced tract integrity may be important but not sufficient for the manifestation of depressive symptoms in mild AD. Instead, WML may drive the pathogenic link between reduced tract integrity and depressive symptoms.

Keywords: Alzheimer disease; Cerebrovascular disease; dementia; depression; structural imaging; white matter tracts.