Electrical stimulation of cell growth and neurogenesis using conductive and nonconductive microfibrous scaffolds

Abstract

The effect of exogenous electrical stimulation on cell viability, attachment, growth, and neurogenesis was examined using PC12 cells in microfibrous viscose-rayon scaffolds immersed in culture medium. The scaffolds were applied either in their nonconductive state or after coating the fibres with 200 nm of gold to give a scaffold sheet resistivity of (13 ± 1.3) Ω square-1. The cells were treated for 12 days using direct current electrical stimulation of 2 h per day. No cytotoxic effects were observed when up to 500 mV (8.3 mV mm-1) was applied to the scaffolds without gold, or when up to 100 mV (1.7 mV mm-1) was applied to the scaffolds with gold. Compared with unstimulated cells, whereas electrical stimulation significantly enhanced cell growth and attachment in the nonconductive scaffolds without gold, similar effects were not found for the conductive scaffolds with gold. Neural differentiation in the presence of nerve growth factor was improved by electrical stimulation in both scaffolds; however, neurite development and the expression of key differentiation markers were greater in the nonconductive scaffolds without gold than in the scaffolds with gold. Application of the same current to scaffolds with and without gold led to much higher levels of neurogenesis in the scaffolds without gold. This work demonstrates that substantial benefits in terms of cell growth and neural differentiation can be obtained using electric fields exerted across nonconductive microfibrous scaffolds, and that this approach to electrical stimulation can be more effective than when the stimulus is applied to cells on conductive scaffolds.

Keywords: PC12 cells; electrical stimulation; gold; microfibrous scaffold; neural differentiation; viscose rayon.