The Erice 2018 Charter was unanimously approved at the conclusion of the 53rd Residential Course of the International School of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine “Adapted Physical Activity in Sport, Wellness and Fitness; the role of the Departments of Prevention and of the National Health Service in doping prevention and health promotion”, held on 15-19 May 2018 in Erice, Italy, at the “Ettore Majorana” Foundation and Centre for Scientific Culture, and promoted by the Study Group on “Movement Sciences for Health” of the Italian Society of Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health. The event was part of a larger project supported by the Ministry of Health aimed at preventing doping in the general population involved in sport and physical activities. After an intense discussion the participants focused on ten statements involving the following critical issues: responsibility, priority, message, alphabetization, networks and alliances, school promoting health, player and opportunities, competences, know-how, programming and acting. These statements provide hints to approach doping within a public health frame and summarize the role of the Departments of Prevention and NHS in promoting and coordinating preventive actions with other institutions and stakeholders. Doping represents a complex phenomenon related to cultural, social, economic and legal issues. In addition to regulatory or repressive actions, education to health and legality is proposed as the fundamental strategy to contrast doping by promoting healthy lifestyles, based on scientific knowledge and respect for legality.