Objective: We aimed to clarify the association between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-lesion patterns, including cortices and white matters, and the development, occurrence, and intractableness of West syndrome in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), using visual analysis.
Methods: We collected data for 44 patients with TSC who had undergone brain MRI and developmental evaluation after the ages of 2 and 3 years, respectively. Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and T1-weighted images were used to analyze the number of cyst-like tubers, the number of cyst-like subcortical lesions, and the presence of diffuse lesions involving the cortices and white matter.
Results: Developmental delays were observed in 28 patients. Nineteen patients had a history of West syndrome. Cyst-like tubers (range: 1-10), cyst-like subcortical lesions (range: 1-4), and diffuse lesions (range: 1-6 areas) were observed in 15, 9, and 14 patients, respectively. In the univariate analyses, all MRI findings were associated with development and/or history of West syndrome. However, in the multivariate analyses, only the diffuse lesion was associated with severe development (p = 0.003) and history of West syndrome (p = 0.012). In the subanalysis of patients with West syndrome, the diffuse lesions were also associated with pharmacological intractableness. Patients with diffuse lesions had a history of West syndrome with sensitivity of 68% and specificity of 96%. Patients with two or more areas of diffuse lesions had history of pharmacologically intractable West syndrome with sensitivity of 89% and specificity of 91%.
Conclusions: Diffuse lesions may help to predict the poor neurological outcomes in patients with TSC.
Keywords: Development; Epilepsy; Magnetic resonance imaging; Outcome; Tuberous sclerosis complex; West syndrome.
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