Systematic reappraisal of the reverse-flow medial plantar flap: From vascular anatomical concepts to surgical applications

Abstract

Introduction: The medial plantar artery (MPA) flap in its anterograde form is considered the gold standard for heel reconstruction. This flap can be also raised distally for the reconstruction of the weight-bearing forefoot. However, terminal branches of the MPA, together with their connection with distal and dorsal systems, can be variable. Our objective was to provide a comprehensive anatomic description that could match all technical possibilities in raising the distally based MPA flap. A systematic review of indication outcomes and complications of the distally based MPA flap is provided.

Methods: According to PRISMA criteria, we systematically reviewed previous literature using the MEDLINE database concerning the MPA flap from 1977 to November 2018 using the keywords « Medial plantar flap » OR « Medial Plantar Artery ». Anatomic variations, techniques, indications, outcomes, and complications were analyzed.

Results: All different vascular pedicles that may be used for the vascularization of the MPA flap were classified. Apart from the flap with a proximal flow, there may be five anastomotic connections from the superficial MPA to the plantar arterial network. Four dorso-plantar links supply the plantar network thanks to dorsal vascularization. Literature analysis of outcomes showed how the retrograde MPA flap may be unreliable with 14% of venous congestion rate and 9.3% of average flap loss, for a total average flap complication of 18.6%.

Conclusion: This review provides the ultimate, clear picture of the complex anastomosis of the forefoot, with direct referral to surgical flap raising techniques, guiding surgeons during challenging reconstructions.

Keywords: Medial Plantar Flap; Medial plantar artery; Reverse-flow; Vascular shunts.