Relationship between heart rate response and cardiac innervation in patients with suspected or known coronary artery disease

Abstract

Background: Chronotropic response to pharmacological stress test is blunted in patients with autonomic neuropathy. The relationship between heart rate (HR) changes during pharmacological stress test and cardiac autonomic dysfunction has not been fully investigated. We assessed the potential interplay between HR response (HRR) and myocardial innervation in patients with suspected or known coronary artery disease (CAD).

Methods and results: We studied 71 patients with suspected or known CAD referred to pharmacological stress myocardial perfusion imaging and ¹²³I metaiodobenzylguanidine (¹²³I-MIBG) cardiac scintigraphy. HRR was calculated as the maximum percent change from baseline according to the formula: (peak HR - rest HR)/rest HR × 100. ¹²³I-MIBG heart-to-mediastinum (H/M) ratio was calculated and a late H/M ratio < 1.6 was considered abnormal. HRR progressively decreased with decreasing late H/M ratio (P for trend = 0.02) and a significant correlation between HRR and late H/M ratio (P = 0.03) was observed. The addition of HRR to a model including age, diabetes, known CAD, left ventricular ejection fraction, and stress-induced ischemia added incremental value in predicting an abnormal late H/M ratio, increasing the global chi-square from 8.09 to 13.8 (P = 0.02).

Conclusions: The relationship between HRR and cardiac sympathetic innervation in patients with suspected or known CAD confirms a strong interplay between cardiac response to stress tests and cardiac autonomic activation. This finding suggests that HRR may be used as a surrogate for assessing cardiac sympathetic function.

Keywords: Cardiac innervation; Diagnostic and prognostic application; MPI; Vasodilators.