Introduction: Herein we provide the first report regarding in vivo porcine renal forniceal, papillary, and infundibular blood flow at the urothelial level using a novel ureteroscopic Doppler transducer. Materials and Methods: Nephroureteroscopy was performed on 11 female Yorkshire pigs to map the forniceal, papillary, and infundibular blood flow. A Doppler transducer was mounted to a 3F 120 cm catheter; the probe was passed through the working channel of a flexible ureteroscope. Blood flow was categorized from 0 (no flow) to 3 (highest flow) based on auditory intensity. At each site, a holmium laser probe was activated until it penetrated ∼1 cm into each of the examined areas; bleeding times were recorded. Results: The frequency of the Doppler transducer signal was proportional to the blood velocity within the vessel with expected increased bleeding times confirmed after puncture with a holmium laser. Analysis demonstrated that the 6 o'clock position of the fornix had significantly greater blood flow than any other forniceal location (p < 0.001). The center of each papilla had the least blood flow (p < 0.001). Blood flow was significantly higher at the infundibular level compared with the caliceal fornices at all locations (anterior, posterior, upper pole, midkidney, and lower pole) (p < 0.001). Conclusions: In a porcine model, a miniaturized Doppler ultrasound probe used during ureteroscopy demonstrated that the renal papilla had the least amount of blood flow whereas the infundibula had the highest blood flow. These data may serve to inform site selection during percutaneous nephrostomy placement.
Keywords: Doppler; percutaneous nephrolithotomy; renal blood flow; ultrasound; ureteroscopy.