Donated stool for faecal microbiota transplantation is not a drug, but guidance and regulation are needed

Affiliations

• ¹ Department of Gastroenterology, Haaglanden Medical Centre, The Hague, The Netherlands.
• ² Department of Gastroenterology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
• ³ Netherlands Donor Faeces Bank, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
• ⁴ Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
• ⁵ Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
• ⁶ German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Germany.
• ⁷ Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
• ⁸ Department of Gastroenterology and Institute for Digestive Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
• ⁹ Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
• ¹⁰ Department of Gastroenterology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
• ¹¹ Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research (CIDR), King's College London and Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
• ¹² Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
• ¹³ Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Saint-Antoine Research Center (CRSA), Paris, France.
• ¹⁴ French Group of Faecal Microbiota Transplantation (GFTF), Paris, France.
• ¹⁵ INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
• ¹⁶ Gastroenterology Area, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
• ¹⁷ Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
• ¹⁸ Department of Medical Microbiology and Netherlands Donor Faeces Bank, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
• ¹⁹ Centre for Microbiota Analysis and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
• ²⁰ Department of Gastroenterology, Helsinki University Hospital and Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland.