Updates in the Diagnosis and Management of AL Amyloidosis

Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 2020 Jun;15(3):155-167. doi: 10.1007/s11899-020-00574-5.

Abstract

Purpose of review: Light chain (AL) amyloidosis is an insidious progressive disease which results in significant morbidity and inevitable mortality if not diagnosed and treated promptly. This review will highlight recent developments and summarize critical clinical points and updated practice changes for the clinician in 2020.

Recent findings: Comparative analyses of staging systems, updated prognostic tools, and treatment response criteria now allow for improved patient stratification and treatment decisions; the role of minimal residual disease in response assessment is still being assessed. Clinical and genetic predictors for long-term survivors have been highlighted. Standard-of-care front-line bortezomib and the integration of anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies in the relapsed disease have transformed treatment approach in recent years. Various clinical trials in the pipeline include novel anti-plasma cell therapies and therapies directed against amyloid deposits which promise to further advance the treatment landscape. Diagnosis, response assessment, and treatment paradigms for AL amyloidosis have evolved significantly in the past 15 years, translating into superior outcomes and increased chances of long-term survival for AL amyloidosis.

Keywords: AL amyloidosis; Diagnosis; Management; Systemic amyloidosis.

Publication types

  • Review

MeSH terms

  • ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1 / antagonists & inhibitors*
  • ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1 / immunology
  • Animals
  • Antibodies, Monoclonal / adverse effects
  • Antibodies, Monoclonal / therapeutic use*
  • Bortezomib / adverse effects
  • Bortezomib / therapeutic use*
  • Clinical Decision-Making
  • Humans
  • Immunoglobulin Light-chain Amyloidosis / diagnosis*
  • Immunoglobulin Light-chain Amyloidosis / genetics
  • Immunoglobulin Light-chain Amyloidosis / immunology
  • Immunoglobulin Light-chain Amyloidosis / therapy*
  • Immunologic Factors / adverse effects
  • Immunologic Factors / therapeutic use*
  • Membrane Glycoproteins / antagonists & inhibitors*
  • Membrane Glycoproteins / immunology
  • Predictive Value of Tests
  • Proteasome Inhibitors / adverse effects
  • Proteasome Inhibitors / therapeutic use*
  • Risk Factors
  • Stem Cell Transplantation* / adverse effects
  • Treatment Outcome

Substances

  • Antibodies, Monoclonal
  • Immunologic Factors
  • Membrane Glycoproteins
  • Proteasome Inhibitors
  • Bortezomib
  • CD38 protein, human
  • ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1