Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) associate with a wide range of immune-related adverse events (Ir-AE), including musculoskeletal manifestations. We aimed at identifying all studies reporting musculoskeletal Ir-AE. An electronic (Medline, Scopus and Web of Science) search was performed using two sets of key words. The first set consisted of: arthritis, musculoskeletal, polymyalgia rheumatica and myositis. The second set consisted of: anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, anti-CTLA-4, ipilimumab, tremelimumab, pembrolizumab, nivolumab, atezolizumab, avelumab and durvalumab. We identified 3 prospective studies, 17 retrospective studies and 4 case series reporting 363 patients in total. Combined data from all three prospective studies provide a prevalence rate of 6.13%. Most patients were males (59.68%) and the vast majority (73%) were on programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) inhibitors. Most studies report a median time of ≤ 12 weeks from first ICI administration to symptom onset. The main clinical phenotypes reported were: (a) inflammatory arthritis (57.57%), (b) myositis (14.04%) and (c) polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) (12.12%). A total of 256 patients required steroids (70.52%) and 67 patients (18.45%) were treated with DMARDs. Positive auto-antibodies and family history of any autoimmune disease were present in 18.48% and 19.04% of cases, respectively. Only a few patients (19%) had to discontinue treatment due to musculoskeletal Ir-AE. Two prospective studies show that significantly more patients with musculoskeletal Ir-AE exhibit a favorable oncologic response compared to patients not exhibiting such manifestations whereas retrospective studies show that 77.22% of patients with musculoskeletal Ir-AE have a good tumor response. One out of 15 patients treated with ICI will develop musculoskeletal Ir-AE; in most cases the severity of these manifestations is mild/moderate and usually ICI may be continued. Rheumatologists should familiarize with this new clinical entity and develop relevant therapeutic algorithms.
Keywords: Arthritis; Autoimmune diseases; Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4; Fasciitis; Immunotherapy; Ipilimumab; Myositis; Nivolumab; Polymyalgia rheumatica; Programmed death ligand-1; Programmed death-1; Rheumatic diseases.