In silico study, synthesis, and evaluation of the antimalarial activity of hybrid dimethoxy pyrazole 1,3,5-triazine derivatives

J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2021 Mar;35(3):e22682. doi: 10.1002/jbt.22682. Epub 2020 Dec 17.

Abstract

Malaria continues to become a major global health problem, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The widespread emergence of resistance to first-line drugs has further bolstered an urgent need for a new and cost-effective antimalarial(s). Thus, the present study enumerates the synthesis of novel hybrid dimethoxy pyrazole 1,3,5-triazine derivatives 7(a-j) and their in silico results short-listed three compounds with good binding energies and dock scores. Docking analysis shows that hydrogen-bonding predominates and typically involves key residues, such as Asp54, Tyr170, Ile164, and Arg122. The in vitro antimalarial evaluation of three top-ranked compounds (7e, 7g, and 7h) showed half-maximal inhibitory concentration values range from 53.85 to 100 μg/ml against chloroquine-sensitive strain 3D7 of Plasmodium falciparum. Compound 7e may be utilized as a lead for further optimization work in drug discovery due to good antimalarial activity.

Keywords: 1,3,5-triazine; antimalarial activity; docking; pyrazole; synthesis.

MeSH terms

  • Antimalarials* / chemical synthesis
  • Antimalarials* / chemistry
  • Antimalarials* / therapeutic use
  • Humans
  • Malaria, Falciparum / drug therapy*
  • Molecular Docking Simulation*
  • Plasmodium falciparum / chemistry*
  • Plasmodium falciparum / metabolism
  • Pyrazoles* / chemical synthesis
  • Pyrazoles* / chemistry
  • Pyrazoles* / therapeutic use
  • Structure-Activity Relationship
  • Triazines* / chemical synthesis
  • Triazines* / chemistry
  • Triazines* / therapeutic use

Substances

  • Antimalarials
  • Pyrazoles
  • Triazines