Decadal (2006-2018) dynamics of Southwestern Atlantic's largest turbid zone reefs

PLoS One. 2021 Feb 22;16(2):e0247111. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247111. eCollection 2021.

Abstract

Tropical reefs are declining rapidly due to climate changes and local stressors such as water quality deterioration and overfishing. The so-called marginal reefs sustain significant coral cover and growth but are dominated by fewer species adapted to suboptimal conditions to most coral species. However, the dynamics of marginal systems may diverge from that of the archetypical oligotrophic tropical reefs, and it is unclear whether they are more or less susceptible to anthropogenic stress. Here, we present the largest (100 fixed quadrats at five reefs) and longest time series (13 years) of benthic cover data for Southwestern Atlantic turbid zone reefs, covering sites under contrasting anthropogenic and oceanographic forcing. Specifically, we addressed how benthic cover changed among habitats and sites, and possible dominance-shift trends. We found less temporal variation in offshore pinnacles' tops than on nearshore ones and, conversely, higher temporal fluctuation on offshore pinnacles' walls than on nearshore ones. In general, the Abrolhos reefs sustained a stable coral cover and we did not record regional-level dominance shifts favoring other organisms. However, coral decline was evidenced in one reef near a dredging disposal site. Relative abundances of longer-lived reef builders showed a high level of synchrony, which indicates that their dynamics fluctuate under similar drivers. Therefore, changes on those drivers could threaten the stability of these reefs. With the intensification of thermal anomalies and land-based stressors, it is unclear whether the Abrolhos reefs will keep providing key ecosystem services. It is paramount to restrain local stressors that contributed to coral reef deterioration in the last decades, once reversal and restoration tend to become increasingly difficult as coral reefs degrade further and climate changes escalate.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Aquatic Organisms / physiology
  • Atlantic Ocean
  • Climate Change
  • Coral Reefs*

Grants and funding

Sampling was initially funded by Conservation International (2006-2010), and thereafter by grants from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) through programs SISBIOTA (2010-2014) and PELD-Long Term Ecological Research (2016-2020). Complementary funding was received from the National Petroleum Agency (ANP/Brasoil) between 2011 and 2019. From 2018 on sampling was funded by the Rede Rio Doce Mar (RRDM) through Fundação RENOVA. Authors RLM, LMN, LTS and PSS acknowledge individual grants from CNPq, CAPES/IODP, FAPERJ and/or FAPESP. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.