SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in a high-altitude setting in Peru: adult population-based cross-sectional study

Charles Huamaní; Lucio Velásquez; Sonia Montes; Ana Mayanga-Herrera; Antonio Bernabé-Ortiz

doi:10.7717/peerj.12149

SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in a high-altitude setting in Peru: adult population-based cross-sectional study

PeerJ. 2021 Sep 20:9:e12149. doi: 10.7717/peerj.12149. eCollection 2021.

Authors

Charles Huamaní^{1

2}, Lucio Velásquez^{1

2}, Sonia Montes², Ana Mayanga-Herrera³, Antonio Bernabé-Ortiz³

Affiliations

¹ Universidad Andina del Cusco, Cusco, Peru.
² Hospital Nacional Adolfo Guevara Velasco, Cusco, Peru.
³ Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru.

Abstract

Background: There are several ecological studies, but few studies of the prevalence of SARS-COV-2 at high altitude. We aimed to estimate the population-based seroprevalence of SARS-COV-2 in three settings of Cusco at the end of the first wave among adults.

Methods: A population-based survey was conducted in September 2020, in three settings in the region of Cusco: (1) Cusco city at 3,300 meters above the sea level (m.a.s.l.), (2) the periphery of Cusco (Santiago, San Jerónimo, San Sebastián, and Wanchaq) at 3,300 m.a.s.l., and (3) Quillabamba city, located at 1,050 m.a.s.l. People aged ≥ 18 years within a family unit were included. The diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection was based on identifying anti- SARS-CoV-2 total antibodies (IgM and IgG) in serum using the Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 chemiluminescence test.

Results: We enrolled 1924 participants from 712 families. Of the total, 637 participants were anti-SARS-CoV-2 seropositive. Seroprevalence was 38.8% (95% CI [33.4%-44.9%]) in Cusco city, 34.9% (95% CI [30.4%-40.1%]) in the periphery of Cusco, and 20.3% (95% CI [16.2%-25.6%]) in Quillabamba. In 141 families (19.8%; 95% CI [17.0%-22.8%]) the whole members were positive to the test. Living with more than three persons in the same house, a positive COVID-19 case at home, and a member who died in the last five months were factors associated with SARS-COV-2 seropositivity. Dysgeusia/dysosmia was the symptom most associated with seropositivity (aPR = 2.74, 95% CI [2.41-3.12]); whereas always wearing a face shield (aPR = 0. 73; 95% CI [0.60-0.89]) or a facial mask (aPR = 0.76, 95% CI [0.63-0. 92) reduced that probability.

Conclusions: A great proportion of Cusco's city inhabitants presented anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies at the end of the first wave, with significant differences between settings. Wearing masks and face shields were associated with lower rate of seropositivity; however, efforts must be made to sustain them over time since there is still a high proportion of susceptible people.

Keywords: Altitude; COVID; Peru; Seroprevalence.

Grants and funding

This study was supported by FONDECYT (Fondo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Peru), code: 071-2020. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.