Estimation of Heart Rate Variability from Finger Photoplethysmography During Rest, Mild Exercise and Mild Mental Stress

Bjørn-Jostein Singstad; Naomi Azulay; Andreas Bjurstedt; Simen S Bjørndal; Magnus F Drageseth; Peter Engeset; Kari Eriksen; Muluberhan Y Gidey; Espen O Granum; Matias G Greaker; Amund Grorud; Sebastian O Hewes; Jie Hou; Adrián M Llop Recha; Christoffer Matre; Arnoldas Seputis; Simen E Sørensen; Vegard Thøgersen; Vegard Munkeby Joten; Christian Tronstad; Ørjan G Martinsen

doi:10.2478/joeb-2021-0012

Estimation of Heart Rate Variability from Finger Photoplethysmography During Rest, Mild Exercise and Mild Mental Stress

J Electr Bioimpedance. 2021 Dec 18;12(1):89-102. doi: 10.2478/joeb-2021-0012. eCollection 2021 Jan.

Authors

Bjørn-Jostein Singstad¹, Naomi Azulay^{2

3}, Andreas Bjurstedt¹, Simen S Bjørndal¹, Magnus F Drageseth¹, Peter Engeset¹, Kari Eriksen¹, Muluberhan Y Gidey¹, Espen O Granum¹, Matias G Greaker¹, Amund Grorud¹, Sebastian O Hewes¹, Jie Hou¹, Adrián M Llop Recha¹, Christoffer Matre¹, Arnoldas Seputis¹, Simen E Sørensen¹, Vegard Thøgersen¹, Vegard Munkeby Joten¹, Christian Tronstad⁴, Ørjan G Martinsen^{1

4}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
² Department of Research and Development, Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
³ Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
⁴ Department of Clinical and Biomedical Engineering, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.

Abstract

Due to the possibilities in miniaturization and wearability, photoplethysmography (PPG) has recently gained a large interest not only for heart rate measurement, but also for estimating heart rate variability, which is derived from ECG by convention. The agreement between PPG and ECG-based HRV has been assessed in several studies, but the feasibility of PPG-based HRV estimation is still largely unknown for many conditions. In this study, we assess the feasibility of HRV estimation based on finger PPG during rest, mild physical exercise and mild mental stress. In addition, we compare different variants of signal processing methods including selection of fiducial point and outlier correction. Based on five minutes synchronous recordings of PPG and ECG from 15 healthy participants during each of these three conditions, the PPG-based HRV estimation was assessed for the SDNN and RMSSD parameters, calculated based on two different fiducial points (foot point and maximum slope), with and without outlier correction. The results show that HRV estimation based on finger PPG is feasible during rest and mild mental stress, but can give large errors during mild physical exercise. A good estimation is very dependent on outlier correction and fiducial point selection, and SDNN seems to be a more robust parameter compared to RMSSD for PPG-based HRV estimation.

Keywords: electrocardiography; heart rate variability; plethysmography.

© 2020 Bjørn-Jostein Singstad, Naomi Azulay, Andreas Bjurstedt, Simen S. Bjørndal, Magnus F. Drageseth, Peter Engeset, Kari Eriksen, Muluberhan Y. Gidey, Espen O. Granum, Matias G. Greaker, Amund Grorud, Sebastian O. Hewes, Jie Hou, Adrián M. Llop Recha, Christoffer Matre, Arnoldas Seputis, Simen E. Sørensen, Vegard Thøgersen, Vegard Munkeby Joten, Christian Tronstad and Ørjan G. Martinsen, published by Sciendo.