Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound for Differentiating COVID-19 From Influenza

Andrew J Goldsmith; Ahad Al Saud; Nicole M Duggan; Irene W Ma; Calvin K Huang; Onyinyechi Eke; Tina Kapur; Sigmund Kharasch; Andrew Liteplo; Hamid Shokoohi

doi:10.7759/cureus.21116

Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound for Differentiating COVID-19 From Influenza

Cureus. 2022 Jan 11;14(1):e21116. doi: 10.7759/cureus.21116. eCollection 2022 Jan.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
² Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
³ Internal Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, CAN.

Abstract

Background and objectives Patients infected with influenza and COVID-19 exhibit similar clinical presentations; thus, a point-of-care test to differentiate between the diseases is needed. Here, we sought to identify features of point-of-care lung ultrasound (LUS) that can discriminate between influenza and COVID-19. Methods In this prospective, cross-sectional study, LUS clips of patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with viral-like symptoms were collected via a 10-zone scanning protocol. Deidentified clips were interpreted by emergency ultrasound fellows blinded to patients' clinical context and influenza or COVID-19 diagnosis. Modified Soldati scores were calculated for each lung zone. Logistic regression identified the association of pulmonary pathologies with each disease. Results Ultrasound fellows reviewed LUS clips from 165 patients, of which 30.9% (51/165) had confirmed influenza, 33.9% (56/165) had confirmed COVID-19, and 35.1% (58/165) had neither disease. Patients with COVID-19 were more likely to have irregular pleura and B-lines in all lung zones (p<0.01). The median-modified Soldati score for influenza patients was 0/20 (IQR 0-2), 9/20 (IQR 2.5-15.5) for COVID-19 patients, and 2/20 (IQR 0-8) for patients with neither disease (p<0.0001). In multivariate regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, and congestive heart failure (CHF), the presence of B-lines (OR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.09-1.53) was independently associated with COVID-19 diagnosis. The presence of pleural effusion was inversely associated with COVID-19 (OR = 0.09, 95% CI 0.01-0.65). Conclusions LUS may help providers preferentially identify the presence of influenza versus COVID-19 infection both visually and by calculating a modified Soldati score. Further studies assessing the utility of LUS in differentiating viral illnesses in patients with variable illness patterns and those with variable illness severity are warranted.

Keywords: coronavirus; covid-19; influenza; lung ultrasound; point-of-care ultrasound; ultrasound.