Impact of chronic kidney disease on clinical outcomes in patients with Stage B progressive aortic regurgitation (mild to moderate and moderate grades)

Abstract

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant comorbidity in patients with heart failure and valvular heart disease. Renal impairment is not well evaluated in the patients with Stage B progressive aortic regurgitation (AR) (mild to moderate and moderate grades in this study), for estimating outcome.

Hypothesis: We sought to investigate the prognostic factor, especially CKD, in the patients with progressive AR.

Methods: We enrolled 262 patients with Stage B progressive AR and preserved left ventricular systolic function (ejection fraction ≥ 50%). Based on the presence of CKD, the patients were divided into CKD (n = 70) and non-CKD (n = 192) groups, which CKD was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 ml/min/1.73 m² . The primary outcome was major adverse cardiac events (MACEs), including cardiac death, myocardial infarction, hospitalization for heart failure, and aortic valve replacement.

Results: The median follow-up duration was 41.5 (interquartile range: 16.2-71.7) months. Between groups, the CKD patients were older; they had a higher pulse pressure and higher incidence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, cerebrovascular accident, and atrial fibrillation. Compared to the non-CKD group, the CKD group had lower e' velocity (4.36 ± 2.21 vs. 5.20 ± 2.30 cm/s, p = .009), higher right ventricular systolic pressure (38.02 ± 15.79 vs. 33.86 ± 11.77 mmHg, p = .047). The CKD group was associated with increased risk of MACEs (41.4% vs. 22.4%; unadjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 1.78, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11-2.85, p = .017). In multivariate Cox regression analyses, the risk of MACEs was significantly different between groups (adjusted HR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.11-2.62, p = .015); furthermore, the risk of hospitalization for heart failure (10.0% vs. 2.6%; adjusted HR: 2.30, 95% CI: 1.16-4.55, p = .017) was significantly higher in the CKD group than in the non-CKD group.

Conclusions: In patients with Stage B progressive AR, CKD is an independent prognostic factor for clinical outcomes (composite clinical outcome, hospitalization for heart failure).

Keywords: chronic kidney disease; heart failure; progressive aortic regurgitation.