Physiological role of anticipatory cardiorespiratory responses to exercise

Tadayoshi Miyamoto; Daisuke Sotobayashi; Go Ito; Eriko Kawai; Hidehiro Nakahara; Shinya Ueda; Takeshi Toyama; Keita Saku; Yasuto Nakanishi; Hiroshi Kinoshita

doi:10.14814/phy2.15210

Physiological role of anticipatory cardiorespiratory responses to exercise

Physiol Rep. 2022 Mar;10(5):e15210. doi: 10.14814/phy2.15210.

Authors

Tadayoshi Miyamoto^{1

2

3}, Daisuke Sotobayashi⁴, Go Ito¹, Eriko Kawai⁵, Hidehiro Nakahara⁶, Shinya Ueda⁷, Takeshi Toyama⁸, Keita Saku³, Yasuto Nakanishi², Hiroshi Kinoshita⁹

Affiliations

¹ Division of Human Environment, Graduate School of Human Environment, Osaka Sangyo University, Daito City, Osaka, Japan.
² Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Osaka Sangyo University, Daito City, Osaka, Japan.
³ Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita City, Osaka, Japan.
⁴ Department of Education, Faculty of Education, Osaka Seikei University, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan.
⁵ Laboratory for Pathophysiological and Health Science, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe City, Hyogo, Japan.
⁶ Graduate School of Health Sciences, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan.
⁷ Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Gifu University, Gifu City, Gifu, Japan.
⁸ Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka, Japan.
⁹ Center for Common Education, Osaka Aoyama University, Minoh City, Osaka, Japan.

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate whether anticipatory cardiorespiratory responses vary depending on the intensity of the subsequent exercise bout, and whether anticipatory cardiorespiratory adjustments contribute importantly to enhancing exercise performance during high-intensity exercise. Eleven healthy men were provided advance notice of the exercise intensity and a countdown to generate anticipation during 10 min prior to exercise at 0, 50, 80 or 95% maximal work-rate (Experiment 1). A different group of subjects (n = 15) performed a time to exhaustion trial with or without anticipatory countdown (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake (V_O2 ) and minute ventilation (V_E ) during pre-exercise resting period increased over time and depended on the subsequent exercise intensity. Specifically, there was already a 7.4% increase in HR from more than 5 min prior to the start of exercise at 95% maximal work-rate, followed by progressively augmented increases of 12.5% between 2 and 3 min before exercise, 24.4% between 0 and 1 min before exercise. In Experiment 2, the initial HR for the first 10 s of exercise in the task with anticipation was 11.4% larger compared to without anticipation (p < 0.01), and the difference in HR between the two conditions decreased in a time-dependent manner. In contrast, the initial increases in V_O2 and V_E were significantly lower in the task with anticipation than that without anticipation. The time to exhaustion during high-intensity exercise was 14.6% longer under anticipation condition compared to no anticipation (135 ± 26 s vs. 119 ± 26 s, p = 0.003). In addition, the enhanced exercise performance correlated positively with increased HR response just before and immediately after exercise onset (p < 0.01). These results showed that anticipatory cardiorespiratory adjustments (feedforward control) via the higher brain that operate before starting exercise may play an important role in minimizing the time delay of circulatory response and enhancing performance after onset of high-intensity exercise in man.

Keywords: VO2max; exercise; feedforward; heart rate; high-intensity; higher brain; minute ventilation; performance.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Exercise Test
Exercise* / physiology
Heart Rate / physiology
Humans
Male
Oxygen Consumption*