Latinx trans immigrants' survival of torture in U.S. detention: A qualitative investigation of the psychological impact of abuse and mistreatment

Laura P Minero; Sergio Domínguez Jr; Stephanie L Budge; Bamby Salcedo

doi:10.1080/26895269.2021.1938779

Latinx trans immigrants' survival of torture in U.S. detention: A qualitative investigation of the psychological impact of abuse and mistreatment

Int J Transgend Health. 2021 Jul 19;23(1-2):36-59. doi: 10.1080/26895269.2021.1938779. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Laura P Minero¹, Sergio Domínguez Jr², Stephanie L Budge², Bamby Salcedo³

Affiliations

¹ Division of Population Behavioral Health, UCLA Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, California, USA.
² Department of Counseling Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
³ The TransLatin@Coalition, Los Angeles, California, USA.

Abstract

Background: A trans person is murdered every 3 days in the world, with the majority of these murders occurring in Latin America. This violence is a motivating factor for Latinx trans immigrants to immigrate to the United States. Regardless of whether individuals may be able to remain in the U.S., trans immigrants and asylum seekers are often held in detention facilities until immigration courts decide their cases. Although there are several standards of care and guidelines produced for trans and nonbinary (TNB) people who are held in detention, various reports have indicated that Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) has not or inappropriately implemented these guidelines, thereby incurring and increasing risk of harm upon TNB immigrants.

Aims: This qualitative study used thematic analysis to provide an understanding of the psychological impact that the systemic power of US detention proceedings had on the lives of Latinx, trans immigrants.

Method: The semi-structured interview protocol and implementation of this study was developed in collaboration with two national Latinx, LGBTQ immigrant advocacy organizations. The sample included 30 trans participants, between the ages of 18 and 52 (M = 23) who immigrated from El Salvador (40%), Guatemala (23%), México (17%), Honduras (17%), and Peru (3%).

Results: Participants reported being subject to debilitating and torturous conditions in "La Hielera", torture and abusive treatment by detention authorities, being denied access to basic human needs and medical care, and held in solitary confinement as punishment. This dehumanization, abuse, and transphobia in detention incurred psychological sequelae on participants including trauma, anxiety and depression, suicidal ideation, and a preference to self-deport.

Discussion: Implications include calls to abolish immigration detention, recommendations for mental health providers, and an overall restructuring of policies and services for humane asylum seeking processes for trans, Latinx immigrants.

Keywords: Asylum-seeking; ICE; Latin America; immigration; intersectionality; transgender.

Grants and funding

This study was supported with grant funding from the Latino Center for Leadership Development.