Clinical and epidemiological aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection among pregnant and postpartum women in Mozambique: a prospective cohort study

Reprod Health. 2022 Jul 19;19(1):164. doi: 10.1186/s12978-022-01469-9.

Abstract

Background: Although there is a significant increase of evidence regarding the prevalence and impact of COVID-19 on maternal and perinatal outcomes, data on the effects of the pandemic on the obstetric population in sub-Saharan African countries are still scarce. Therefore, the study aims were to assess the prevalence and impact of COVID-19 on maternal and neonatal outcomes in the obstetric population at Central Hospital of Maputo (HCM), Mozambique.

Methods: Prospective cohort study conducted at teaching and referral maternity, HCM, from 20 October 2020 to 22 July 2021. We collected maternal and perinatal outcomes up to 6 weeks postpartum of eligible women (pregnant and postpartum women-up to the 14th day postpartum) screened for COVID-19 (individual test for symptomatic participants and pool testing for asymptomatic). The primary outcome was maternal death, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission. We estimated the COVID-19 prevalence and the unadjusted RR (95% CI) for maternal and perinatal outcomes. We used the chi-square or Fisher's exact test to compare categorical variables (two-sided p-value < 0.05 for statistical significance).

Results: We included 239 participants. The overall prevalence of COVID-19 was 9.2% (22/239) and in the symptomatic group was 32.4% (11/34). About 50% of the participants with COVID-19 were symptomatic. Moreover, the most frequent symptoms were dyspnoea (33.3%), cough (28.6%), anosmia (23.8%), and fever (19%). Not having a partner, being pregnant, and alcohol consumption were vulnerability factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection. The risk of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes (abortion, foetal death, preterm birth, Apgar, and NICU admission) was not significantly increased with COVID-19. Moreover, we did not observe a significant difference in the primary outcomes (SARS, ICU admission and maternal death) between COVID-19 positive and COVID-19 negative groups.

Conclusion: The prevalence of COVID-19 in the obstetric population is higher than in the general population, and fifty percent of pregnant and postpartum women with COVID-19 infection are asymptomatic. Not having a partner and alcohol consumption were factors of greatest vulnerability to SARS-COV-2 infection. Moreover, being pregnant versus postpartum was associated with increased vulnerability to COVID-19. Data suggest that pregnant women with COVID-19 may have a higher frequency of COVID-19 infection, reinforcing the need for universal testing, adequate follow-up for this population, and increasing COVID-19 therapy facilities in Mozambique. Moreover, provide counselling during Antenatal care for COVID-19 preventive measures. However, more prospective and robust studies are needed to assess these findings.

Resumo: INTRODUçãO: Apesar do aumento significativo de evidências relacionadas à prevalência e o impacto da COVID-19 nos desfechos maternos e perinatais, os dados dos efeitos da pandemia na população obstétrica dos países da África subsaariana ainda são escassos. Deste modo, o objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a prevalência e o impacto da COVID-19 nos desfechos maternos e perinatais da população obstétrica do Hospital Central de Maputo (HCM), Moçambique. MéTODOS: Realizamos um estudo de coorte prospectiva em uma maternidade de referência de 20 de outubro de 2020 a 22 de julho de 2021. Coletamos dados dos desfechos maternos e perinatais até a sexta semana pós-parto das mulheres elegíveis (gestantes e puérperas até ao décimo quarto dia do pós-parto) rastreadas para a COVID-19 (de forma individual para sintomáticas e ‘pool testing’ para assintomáticas). Os desfechos primários foram morte materna, síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SRAG) e admissão na unidade de tratamento intensivo (UTI). Estimamos a prevalência da COVID-19 e o risco relativo não ajustado (95% de IC) para os desfechos maternos e perinatais. Usamos o teste de qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher para comparar variáveis categóricas (consideramos p-valor bicaudal < 0.05 para a significância estatística).

Resultados: Incluímos 239 participantes. A prevalência geral da COVID-19 foi de 9.2% (22/239) e no grupo das sintomáticas foi 32,4% (11/34). Cerca de 50% dos participantes com COVID-19 eram sintomáticos. Adicionalmente, os sintomas mais frequentes foram a dispneia (33.3%), tosse (28.6%), anosmia (23.8%), e febre (19%). Não ter parceiro, ser gestante, e consumir álcool, foram os fatores de vulnerabilidade à infeção pelo SARS-CoV-2. O risco para desfechos maternos e perinatais adversos (aborto, óbito fetal, parto prematuro, índice de Apgar baixo, e admissão na UTI neonatal) não foi significativamente acrescido pela COVID-19. Igualmente, não observamos diferenças significativas nos desfechos primários (SRAG, admissão na UTI e morte materna) entre o grupo COVID-19 positivo e o grupo COVID-19 negativo. CONCLUSãO: A prevalência da COVID-19 na população obstétrica foi maior que na população geral, e cinquenta por cento das gestantes e mulheres no pós-parto com COVID-19 eram assintomáticas. Não ter parceiro e consumir álcool foram os fatores de maior vulnerabilidade à infeção pelo SARS-CoV-2. Adicionalmente, estar gestante comparado à puérpera foi associado ao maior risco da COVID-19. Os dados sugerem que mulheres gestantes com COVID-19 podem ter maior frequência de infecção por COVID-19, reforçando a necessidade de rastreio universal, seguimento adequado dessa população, e aumento de unidades de tratamento da COVID-19 em Moçambique. Igualmente, prover aconselhamento sobre as medidas preventivas da COVID-19 durante a consulta pré-natal. No entanto, são necessários mais estudos prospectivos e robustos para avaliar esses resultados.

Resumen: INTRODUCCIóN: A pesar del aumento significativo de evidencias relacionadas con la prevalencia y el impacto de la COVID-19 en los resultados maternos y perinatales, los datos sobre los efectos de la pandemia en la población obstétrica de los países del África Subsahariana aún son escasos. De este modo, el objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la prevalencia y el impacto del COVID-19 en los resultados maternos y perinatales en la población obstétrica del Hospital Central de Maputo (HCM), Mozambique. MéTODOS: Realizamos un estudio de cohorte prospectivo en una maternidad docente y de referencia, HCM, del 20 de octubre de 2020 al 22 de julio de 2021. Recolectamos datos sobre los resultados maternos y perinatales, hasta la sexta semana posparto, de mujeres elegibles (mujeres embarazadas y puérperas—hasta el decimocuarto día del posparto) examinadas para COVID-19 (de forma individual para sintomáticos y ‘pool testing’ para asintomáticos). Los resultados primarios fueron la muerte materna, el Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Grave (SRAG) y el ingreso en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI). Estimamos la prevalencia de COVID-19 y el riesgo relativo no ajustado (IC del 95%) para los resultados maternos y perinatales. Utilizamos la prueba de chi-cuadrado o la prueba exacta de Fisher para comparar variables categóricas (consideramos un valor de p de dos colas < 0.05 para la significación estadística).

Resultados: Incluimos 239 participantes. La prevalencia global de COVID-19 fue del 9,2% (22/239) y en el grupo de sintomáticas fue del 32,4% (11/34). Alrededor del 50% de las participantes con COVID-19 eran sintomáticos. Además, los síntomas más frecuentes fueron disnea (33,3%), tos (28,6%), anosmia (23,8%) y fiebre (19%). No tener pareja, estar embarazada y consumir alcohol fueron los factores de vulnerabilidad a la infección por SARS-CoV-2. El riesgo de resultados maternos y perinatales adversos (aborto, muerte fetal, parto prematuro, bajo puntaje de Apgar e ingreso a la UCI neonatal) no aumentó significativamente por el COVID-19. Asimismo, no observamos diferencias significativas en los resultados primarios (SRAG, ingreso en UCI y muerte materna) entre el grupo COVID-19 positivo y el grupo COVID-19 negativo. CONCLUSIóN: La prevalencia de COVID-19 en la población obstétrica es mayor que en la población general, y el cincuenta por ciento de las gestantes y puérperas con COVID-19 se encontraban asintomáticas. No tener pareja y el consumo de alcohol fueron los factores de mayor vulnerabilidad a la infección por SARS-CoV-2. Además, estar embarazada en comparación con ser puérpera se asoció con un mayor riesgo de COVID-19. Los datos sugieren que las mujeres embarazadas con COVID-19 pueden tener una mayor frecuencia de infección, lo que refuerza la necesidad de detección universal, un seguimiento adecuado de esta población y un aumento de las unidades de tratamiento para el COVID-19 en Mozambique. Así como, brindar asesoría sobre las medidas preventivas del COVID-19 durante la consulta prenatal. Sin embargo, se necesitan más estudios prospectivos y robustos para evaluar estos resultados.

Keywords: COVID-19; Low-income country; Maternal and perinatal morbidity; Mozambique; Risk factors.

Plain language summary

The epidemiological pattern of the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa is heterogeneous, and many African countries are still struggling to establish efficient testing policy, guarantee sufficient laboratory supply and achieve or maintain adequate testing capacity. In addition, evidence suggests that sexual and reproductive health services were the most affected by the pandemic; this scenario might have devastating effects on maternal and perinatal health. Moreover, data from non-sub-Saharan countries the SARS-CoV-2 infection among pregnant and postpartum women is associated with an increased risk of adverse maternal and neonatal health (preterm birth, preeclampsia and maternal death).Although there is a significant increase of evidence regarding the prevalence and impact of COVID-19 on maternal and perinatal health, data on the effects of this condition on the obstetric population in low-income countries are scarce. Therefore, the study objective were to assess the prevalence and impact of COVID-19 on maternal and neonatal health at referral maternity in Maputo, Mozambique.Our findings suggest that the prevalence of COVID-19 in the obstetric population is higher than the general population, and most pregnant and postpartum women are asymptomatic. Being pregnant, not having a partner and alcohol consumption were factors of greatest vulnerability to SARS-COV-2 infection. Moreover, the risk of COVID-19 among pregnant was seven-fold higher than in postpartum women. Pregnant women with COVID-19 may have a higher frequency of adverse gestational outcomes (foetal death and abortion). Although the risk of adverse maternal outcomes (death, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Intensive Care Unit admission) did not differ significantly between the COVID-19 and COVID-19 negative groups, universal screening for COVID-19 should be implemented to ensure adequate management of pregnant women and newborns.

MeSH terms

  • COVID-19* / epidemiology
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Infant, Newborn
  • Maternal Death*
  • Mozambique / epidemiology
  • Parturition
  • Postpartum Period
  • Pregnancy
  • Pregnancy Complications, Infectious* / diagnosis
  • Pregnancy Complications, Infectious* / epidemiology
  • Pregnancy Outcome / epidemiology
  • Premature Birth* / epidemiology
  • Prospective Studies
  • SARS-CoV-2