Long COVID-19 and the Heart: Is Cardiac Mitochondria the Missing Link?

Antioxid Redox Signal. 2023 Mar;38(7-9):599-618. doi: 10.1089/ars.2022.0126. Epub 2022 Dec 28.

Abstract

Significance: Although corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has now gradually been categorized as an endemic, the long-term effect of COVID-19 in causing multiorgan disorders, including a perturbed cardiovascular system, is beginning to gain attention. Nonetheless, the underlying mechanism triggering post-COVID-19 cardiovascular dysfunction remains enigmatic. Are cardiac mitochondria the key to mediating cardiac dysfunction post-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (post-SARS-CoV-2) infection? Recent Advances: Cardiovascular complications post-SARS-CoV-2 infection include myocarditis, myocardial injury, microvascular injury, pericarditis, acute coronary syndrome, and arrhythmias (fast or slow). Different types of myocardial damage or reduced heart function can occur after a lung infection or lung injury. Myocardial/coronary injury or decreased cardiac function is directly associated with increased mortality after hospital discharge in patients with COVID-19. The incidence of adverse cardiovascular events increases even in recovered COVID-19 patients. Disrupted cardiac mitochondria postinfection have been postulated to lead to cardiovascular dysfunction in the COVID-19 patients. Further studies are crucial to unravel the association between SARS-CoV-2 infection, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ensuing cardiovascular disorders (CVD). Critical Issues: The relationship between COVID-19 and myocardial injury or cardiovascular dysfunction has not been elucidated. In particular, the role of the cardiac mitochondria in this association remains to be determined. Future Directions: Elucidating the cause of cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction post-SARS-CoV-2 infection may allow a deeper understanding of long COVID-19 and resulting CVD, thus providing a potential therapeutic target. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 38, 599-618.

Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; cardiac mitochondria; cardiovascular disorders; inflammation; long COVID-19.

Publication types

  • Review
  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • COVID-19* / complications
  • Cardiovascular Diseases* / etiology
  • Heart Diseases*
  • Humans
  • Mitochondria
  • Myocarditis* / complications
  • Myocarditis* / therapy
  • Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
  • SARS-CoV-2