Independent Association of 25[OH]D Level on Reduced Glutathione and TNF-α in Patients ‎with Diabetes and/or Hypertension

Faten A AlRadini; Azza A K El-Sheikh; Abeer S Al Shahrani; Norah M Alzamil; Amel A Fayed; Eman Alsayed; Shatha S Alharbi; Msaad A Altulihee; Shaimaa A Andijani; Wafa K AlShaiddi; Fahad A Alamri

doi:10.2147/IJGM.S375282

Independent Association of 25[OH]D Level on Reduced Glutathione and TNF-α in Patients ‎with Diabetes and/or Hypertension

Int J Gen Med. 2022 Sep 5:15:7065-7075. doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S375282. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint ‎Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
² Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman ‎University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
³ Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, El-Minia, ‎Egypt.
⁴ Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, El-‎Minia, Egypt.
⁵ Department of Family and Community Health, King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz University ‎Hospital, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁶ Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz ‎University Hospital, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi ‎Arabia.
⁷ Global Center of Mass Gathering Medicine, Ministry of Health, Family Medicine, ‎Primary Health Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Abstract

Purpose: Oxidative and inflammatory pathways play a significant role in the pathophysiology of a wide variety of non-communicable diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension. However, the effect of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D ‎‎(25[OH]D) on these pathways is still controversial. To evaluate the association of 25[OH]D on ‎antioxidant and pro-inflammatory biomarkers, reduced glutathione (GSH) and tumor ‎necrosis factor (TNF)-α, in T2DM and hypertensive patients.

Patients and methods: This is a cross-sectional study of a consecutive sample of patients attending the the Family Medicine clinic at King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAAUH). Participants were screened for eligibility according to the following ‎criteria: aged above 18 years and diagnosed with T2DM and/or hypertension for at least one ‎year. Patients receiving any kind of vitamin D or calcium supplements within the last three ‎months were excluded, as were those with a history of ‎renal failure, cancer, liver, thyroid, or any other chronic inflammatory diseases.

Results: In total 424 T2DM and/or ‎hypertensive patients (mean age 55±12 years) were recruited. In addition to routine ‎physical and laboratory examinations, levels of serum 25[OH]D, GSH and TNF-α were ‎measured. The prevalence of 25[OH]D deficiency (<50 nmol/L) was 35.1%, which was ‎independent from GSH and TNF-α levels. In T2DM, hypertensive and patients having ‎both diseases, GSH levels were 349.3±19, 355.4±19 and 428.8±20 μmol/L, ‎respectively. Uncontrolled T2DM and hypertension patients showed significantly higher ‎GSH compared with the controlled group. ‎Males showed slightly higher level ‎of TNF-α compared with females and uncontrolled hypertensive patients had relatively ‎higher TNF-α level when evaluated against controlled hypertensive patients. ‎.

Conclusion: 25[OH]D level is independent of oxidative stress and inflammation, ‎assessed by levels of GSH and TNF-α, respectively, in T2DM and hypertensive Saudi ‎patients. ‎.

Keywords: TNF-α; diabetes; hypertension; reduced glutathione; vitamin D.

Grants and funding

This research project was funded by Health Sciences Research Center, King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman ‎University, through the Research Funding Program, grant number (G18-00016).