The Role of Childhood Obesity in Acute Presentations and Outcomes of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients

Tyler Tolopka; Joshua Kuehne; Kiran Mainali; Morgan Beebe; Melinda Garcia; Mohammed Salameh; Rosario Ocampo; Utpal Bhalala

doi:10.7759/cureus.28911

The Role of Childhood Obesity in Acute Presentations and Outcomes of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients

Cureus. 2022 Sep 7;14(9):e28911. doi: 10.7759/cureus.28911. eCollection 2022 Sep.

Authors

Tyler Tolopka¹, Joshua Kuehne¹, Kiran Mainali², Morgan Beebe³, Melinda Garcia⁴, Mohammed Salameh³, Rosario Ocampo³, Utpal Bhalala^{5

6}

Affiliations

¹ Pediatrics, University of the Incarnate Word School of Osteopathic Medicine, San Antonio, USA.
² Epidemiology and Public Health, University of the Incarnate Word School of Osteopathic Medicine, San Antonio, USA.
³ Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA.
⁴ Pediatric Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, USA.
⁵ Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, USA.
⁶ Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Driscoll Children's Hospital, Corpus Christi, USA.

Abstract

Background and objective The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has affected all regions, demographics, and age groups worldwide. However, few studies have investigated the prevalence of childhood obesity and severe COVID-19 presentation in a predominately Hispanic population. In light of this, we investigated the role of underlying obesity in COVID-19 presentations and outcomes at a tertiary care children's hospital by using subcategories based on patients' body mass index (BMI). Methods We conducted a single-center retrospective study involving 77 pediatric patients aged 18 years and younger, who were hospitalized with suspected or verified COVID-19 between February 2020 and January 2021. We collected data on height, weight, and BMI and categorized patients based on the World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) definition(s) of obesity. We also collected data on demographics, mode of presentation, need for pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission, the severity of illness at the time of PICU admission, and data related to outcomes. We analyzed the data using logistical regression with Firth's biased reduction method wherever applicable. Results In our cohort, over 85% of the patients identified as belonging to Hispanic ethnicity (n=66); the median age of the cohort was 8.69 years, and 50.65% were classified as obese (n=39). We found a statistically significant relationship between underlying obesity and one or more comorbidities (p<0.001). BMI classification was significantly dependent on the incidence of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) (p=0.0353). Furthermore, the bivariate analysis confirmed that acute kidney injury (AKI) (p=0.048) and MIS-C predictors (p<0.001) were significantly associated with PICU admission status. The combined model confirmed a significant relationship between MIS-C and both PICU admission status (p<0.001) and obese BMI classification (p=0.002). PICU admission status led to increased hospital length of stay (LOS) (p<0.001). Patient age (p=0.003), underweight BMI (p=0.034), and obese BMI (P=0.008) were significant predictors of PICU LOS. Of note, the survival rate among admitted COVID-19 patients was 93.5%. Conclusion Based on our findings on the prevalence of underlying obesity in admitted COVID-19 patients at the Children's Hospital of San Antonio, over 50% of pediatric patients were obese and predominately Hispanic. Obesity was significantly associated with patient age, comorbidities, MIS-C status, and PICU LOS. Hospital mortality in pediatric COVID-19 patients was low (6.49%) and consistent with other studies in the literature showing lower rates of mortality in children versus mortality in adult patients with COVID-19.

Keywords: body mass index; children; covid-19; obesity; outcomes; sars-cov-2.