Examining COVID-19 mortality rates by race and ethnicity among incarcerated people in 11 U.S. state prisons (March-October 2021)

Mimi Yen Li; Shelby Grebbin; Ankita Patil; Tori L Cowger; Dennis Kunichoff; Justin Feldman; Monik C Jiménez

doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101299

Examining COVID-19 mortality rates by race and ethnicity among incarcerated people in 11 U.S. state prisons (March-October 2021)

SSM Popul Health. 2022 Nov 26:20:101299. doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101299. eCollection 2022 Dec.

Authors

Mimi Yen Li¹, Shelby Grebbin², Ankita Patil², Tori L Cowger³, Dennis Kunichoff³, Justin Feldman³, Monik C Jiménez^{2

3

4}

Affiliations

¹ University of California, San Francisco, 675 18th Street, San Francisco, CA, 941072, USA.
² Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
³ Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
⁴ Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.

Abstract

Background: Populations who are incarcerated have experienced disproportionately high coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) mortality rates compared to the general population. However, mortality rates by race/ethnicity from federal, state, and local carceral settings are largely unavailable due to unregulated reporting; therefore, racial/ethnic inequities have yet to be examined. We aimed to estimate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mortality rates among individuals incarcerated in U.S. state prisons by race and ethnicity (RE).

Methods: Public records requests to state Departments of Corrections were used to identify deaths from COVID-19 among incarcerated adults occurring from March 1-October 1, 2020. We requested race, ethnicity, and age specific data on deaths and custody populations; sufficient data to calculate age-adjusted rates were obtained for 11 state systems. Race and ethnic specific unadjusted deaths rates per 100,000 persons were calculated overall and by state, based on March 1, 2020 custody populations. Rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) compared aggregated age-adjusted death rates by race and ethnicity, with White individuals as the reference group.

Results: Of all COVID-related deaths in U.S. prisons through October 2020, 23.35% (272 of 1165) were captured in our analyses. The average age at COVID-19 death was 63 years (SD = 10 years) and was significantly lower among Black (60 years, SD = 11 years) compared to White adults (66 years, SD = 10 years; p < 0.001). In age-standardized analysis, COVID-19 death rates were significantly higher among Black (RR = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.25-2.99), Hispanic (RR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.10-2.96) and those of Other racial and ethnic groups (RR = 2.60, 95% CI: 1.01-6.67) when compared to White individuals.

Conclusions: Age-standardized death rates were higher among incarcerated Black, Hispanic and those of Other racial and ethnic groups compared to their White counterparts. Greater data transparency from all carceral systems is needed to better understand populations at disproportionate risk of COVID-19 morbidity and mortality.

Keywords: COVID-19; Health disparity; Incarceration.