Local PI(4,5)P2 signaling inhibits fusion pore expansion during exocytosis

Abstract

Phosphatidylinositol(4,5)bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P₂) is an important signaling phospholipid that is required for regulated exocytosis and some forms of endocytosis. The two processes share a topologically similar pore structure that connects the vesicle lumen with the outside. Widening of the fusion pore during exocytosis leads to cargo release, while its closure initiates kiss&run or cavicapture endocytosis. We show here, using live-cell total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy of insulin granule exocytosis, that transient accumulation of PI(4,5)P₂ at the release site recruits components of the endocytic fission machinery and stalls the late fusion pore expansion that is required for peptide release. The absence of clathrin differentiates this mechanism from clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Knockdown of phosphatidylinositol-phosphate-5-kinase-1c or optogenetic recruitment of 5-phosphatase reduces PI(4,5)P₂ transients and accelerates fusion pore expansion, suggesting that acute PI(4,5)P₂ synthesis is involved. Thus, local phospholipid signaling inhibits fusion pore expansion and peptide release through an unconventional endocytic mechanism.

Keywords: CP: Cell biology; endocytosis; exocytosis; fission; fusion pore; insulin; membrane trafficking; secretory granule; super-resolution microscopy.