Cardiorenal syndromes (CRS) are broadly defined as disorders of the heart and kidneys whereby acute or chronic dysfunction in one organ may induce acute or chronic dysfunction of the other. CRS are currently classified into five categories, mostly based on disease-initiating events and their acuity or chronicity. CRS types 3 and 4 (also called renocardiac syndromes) refer to acute and chronic kidney dysfunction resulting in acute and chronic heart dysfunction, respectively. The notion of renocardiac syndromes has broadened interest in kidney-heart interactions but uncertainty remains in the nephrological community's understanding of the clinical diversity, pathophysiological mechanisms and optimal management approaches of these syndromes. This triple challenge that renocardiac syndromes (and likely other cardiorenal syndromes) pose to the nephrologist can only be faced through a specific and demanding training plan to enhance his/her cardiological scientific knowledge and through an appropriate clinical environment to develop his/her cardiological clinical skills. The first must be the objective of the subspecialty of cardionephrology (or nephrocardiology) and the second must be the result of collaboration with cardiologists (and other specialists) in cardiorenal care units. This review will first consider various aspects of the challenges that renocardiac syndromes pose to nephrologists and, then, will discuss those aspects of cardionephrology and cardiorenal units that can facilitate an effective response to the challenges.
Keywords: acute kidney injury; cardionephrology; cardiorenal syndromes; chronic kidney disease; renocardiac syndromes.
© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the ERA.