Highly sensitive fluorescent probes for selective detection of hypochlorite: Applications in blood serum and cell imaging

Abstract

Being one of the vital reactive oxygen species (ROS), abnormal level of hypochlorite ion (ClO^-) may pose detrimental threats to living organisms. Therefore, highly selective, and rapid monitoring of ClO^- in living system is of prime importance to protect living organisms from its harmful effects. In this regard, design of synthetic fluorescent probes for ClO^- has garnered considerable attention. However less fluorescence emission in aggregated state and less photostability of several existing probes for ClO^- inspired us to design aggregation induced emission (AIE) active fluorescent probes SH1 and SH2. Probes were rationally designed by introducing thiourea moiety that selectively reacted through desulfurization reaction and resulted in highly selective detection of ClO^-. Hypochlorite induced desulfurization reaction was validated through ¹H NMR titration and DFT studies. Fine tuning of probes SH1 and SH2 prompted highly sensitive nanoscale (55 nM and 77 nM) and rapid (15 and 35 sec) detection of ClO^-. Probe SH1 displayed less cytotoxic effect to live cells before it was successfully applied for bioimaging of ClO^- in live MCF-7 cells. Moreover, probes displayed excellent sensing potential for ClO^- in blood serum and real water samples. Advantageously, probe coated portable fluorescent films were fabricated for the easy and fast monitoring of ClO^-. Of note, this work offers excellent design strategy for highly selective detection of ClO^- that may lead to clinical trials.

Keywords: Aggregation induced emission; Bio-imaging; Hypochlorite; Reaction-based sensing; Thiourea.