Background: The recovery of scapular and humeral physiological kinematic parameters, as well as the sensorimotor control of movement, plays a primary role in the rehabilitation process after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. A highly customized rehabilitation approach is required to achieve this aim. Biofeedback can be a useful tool, but there is poor evidence of its application in the rehabilitation after arthroscopic rotator cuff tear repair.
Objective: The aim of this paper is to outline an innovative exercise-based rehabilitation program exploiting visual biofeedback for the recovery of patients arthroscopically treated for rotator cuff repair.
Methods: For establishment of the innovative program, a multidisciplinary team involving experts in shoulder surgery, rehabilitation medicine, physical therapy, and biomedical and clinical engineering was formed. Starting from a conventional rehabilitation program, the team selected a set of exercises to be integrated with a biofeedback tool, named the INAIL (National Institute for Insurance against Accidents at Work) Shoulder and Elbow Outpatient program (ISEO program). ISEO is a motion analysis system based on inertial wearable sensors positioned over the thorax, scapula, humerus, and forearm. ISEO can return a visual biofeedback of humerus and scapula angles over time or of the scapula-humeral coordination, with possible overlap of patient-specific or asymptomatic reference values. A set of 12 progressive exercises was defined, divided into four groups based on humerus and scapula movements. Each group comprises 2-4 of the 12 exercises with an increasing level of complexity. Exercises can require the use of a ball, stick, rubber band, and/or towel. For each exercise, we present the starting position of the patient, the modality of execution, and the target position, together with notes about the critical factors to observe. The type of visual biofeedback to adopt is specified, such as the coordination between angles or the variation of a single angle over time. To guide the therapist in customizing the patient's rehabilitation program, a list of operative guidelines is provided.
Results: We describe various applications of the ISEO exercise program in terms of frequency and intensity.
Conclusions: An innovative rehabilitation program to restore scapular and humeral kinematics after rotator cuff repair based on kinematic biofeedback is presented. Biofeedback is expected to increase patient awareness and self-correction under therapist supervision. Randomized controlled trials are needed to investigate the potential effect of the exercise-based biofeedback in comparison with conventional rehabilitation programs.
International registered report identifier (irrid): DERR1-10.2196/35757.
Keywords: biofeedback; biomechanic; eHealth; exercise; kinematic; rehabilitation; rotator cuff tear repair; scapula; shoulder; wearable sensor.
©Ilaria Parel, Valeria Candoli, Maria Vittoria Filippi, Antonio Padolino, Giovanni Merolla, Stefano Sanniti, Riccardo Galassi, Paolo Paladini, Andrea Giovanni Cutti. Originally published in JMIR Research Protocols (https://www.researchprotocols.org), 22.03.2023.