Malaria: influence of Anopheles mosquito saliva on Plasmodium infection

Abstract

Malaria is caused by Plasmodium protozoa that are transmitted by anopheline mosquitoes. Plasmodium sporozoites are released with saliva when an infected female mosquito takes a blood meal on a vertebrate host. Sporozoites deposited into the skin must enter a blood vessel to start their journey towards the liver. After migration out of the mosquito, sporozoites are associated with, or in proximity to, many components of vector saliva in the skin. Recent work has elucidated how Anopheles saliva, and components of saliva, can influence host-pathogen interactions during the early stage of Plasmodium infection in the skin. Here, we discuss how components of Anopheles saliva can modulate local host responses and affect Plasmodium infectivity. We hypothesize that therapeutic strategies targeting mosquito salivary proteins can play a role in controlling malaria and other vector-borne diseases.

Keywords: AgSAP; AgTRIO; Anopheles; Plasmodium; T-cell responses; host–pathogen–vector interactions; immunomodulation; malaria; malaria vaccine; mast cells; mosquito bite; saliva; salivary antigens; skin immunity; sporozoite; vector-borne diseases.